Crime and Punishment

Fyodor Dostoevsky was born in Moscow on November 11, 1821. When he was seven years old, his father, a doctor who worked at a hospital for the indigent, was promoted to a low position in the tsarist government, entitling him to the rank of noble and allowing him to purchase a small estate with serfs. Both of Dostoevsky’s parents were devout. They introduced him to the Bible, as well as to classic and contemporary Russian and Western writers, poets, and thinkers. Dostoevsky attended boarding schools and a military engineering academy in St. Petersburg. He stood out from his aristocratic peers for his paleness, seriousness and relative poverty. He began gambling during this period, a habit that would later bring him financial woe. Upon graduation, Dostoevsky obtained a low military rank and lived comfortably. He also began to have epileptic episodes. In 1845, he published his first novel, Poor Folk. Soon after, he resigned from the military to pursue writing. He joined a circle of utopian socialists that helped support him financially. He later joined the progressive literary group, the Petrashevsky Circle, whose members were denounced for allegedly circulating banned materials – a serious crime, as Tsar Nicholas I feared that such activity could spark insurrection. Dostoevsky received the death sentence by firing squad, which was commuted shortly before the planned execution. He was then sent to a Siberian labor camp. He was released in 1854, married his first wife in 1857 and returned to St. Petersburg in 1859. In 1861, he published Notes from the House of the Dead, which documented his experience in prison. In 1864, his first wife died. In 1866, he published Crime and Punishment; that same year, he completed The Gambler. In 1867, he married his second wife, Anna. They traveled to Europe for years and had children. In 1868, The Idiot was published. In 1871, Dostoevsky and his family returned to St. Petersburg. In his later years, he received considerable acclaim. His last novel, The Brothers Karamazov, appeared in 1880. He died of pulmonary emphysema on February 9, 1881, at the age of 59.