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The Great Leveler

Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century

Walter Scheidel

Princeton UP, 2017

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Stanford professor Walter Scheidel argues that more-equal distributions of wealth correlate with calamitous events – world wars, communist revolutions and devastating pandemics. His fascinating analysis covers historic lost empires, the Black Plague, World Wars I and II, the Russian and Chinese Revolutions, and the collapse of Somalia, among many other historical eras and trends, including early agricultural societies and present-day economic circumstances. He believes that the era of widespread warfare, bloody revolution and deadly plague has now faded. Scheidel proves knowledgeable, perceptive and erudite, but at 500-plus pages, this could be tighter. Even so, getAbstract recommends his enlightening, singular study to international investors, global managers, policy makers, NGO activists and academics seeking a fresh analysis of a contentious topic.

Summary

The “Four Horsemen”

In 2010, it took the combined wealth of 388 billionaires to match the holdings of the lower-half billions. By 2015, that had shifted: 62 megabillionaires owned as much wealth as the 3.5 billion people on the bottom half of the global income scale. The decades after World War II were a golden age for income equality. The economies of the developed world hit record levels of equality sometime in the 1970s or early 1980s. By the mid-1980s, wealth in North America, Europe and Asia had concentrated into fewer hands. Since 1983, equality has steadily declined. By 2012, the US economy was as unequal as it was in 1929.

A close study of history reveals that income inequality often follows desirable societal developments and economic advances. For instance, primitive hunter-gatherers had little wealth and thus little inequality. The emergence of agrarian societies and land ownership led to the evolution of cereal crops and accelerated the accumulation of wealth. Grains’ long shelf lives enabled landowners to amass riches.

Rare episodes of flattening inequality resulted from large-scale disasters. These upheavals fall under the categories...

About the Author

Walter Scheidel is a historian and professor of humanities and classics at Stanford University, where he is also a fellow in human biology. He has written several other books.

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J. P. 7 years ago

Seems to underline that less inequality is not an unalloyed good. In China while incomes are less equal, people are moving out of poverty in huge numbers. Surely it’s better that people have opportunities to improve their own circumstances than that they all be equally poor.
V. M. 7 years ago

I agree with the professor, insofar as the redistribution of wealth occurs during revolutions of wars and the like. But I want to note that the revolution in Russia has been overthrown, the tsar was soon quickly divided, and all the poor are again the same in other countries