Capital and Ideology

Throughout history, political systems have justified economic inequality in different ways.

To study different civilizations across time is to realize that nearly every major society produces economic inequality. And because inequality is inherently controversial, leaders always strive to construct narratives that legitimize the factors, systems or rules that generate the inequity. Ideologies – or the collections of beliefs and theories that together rationalize the trade-offs and compromises societies make – play a crucial role. An ideology shapes the way a society is organized and therefore informs the arguments for an “inequality regime.”

Those who benefit from a specific structure contend that inequality arises organically. But history attests that societies adopt inequality regimes through the competition of interests among their politically and economically powerful members. For example, in the feudal society of medieval Europe, regional nobles held sway over both the land they owned and the peasants who lived and worked on their properties. The tithes paid to the church, plus the large amounts ...