The Road to Serfdom

Doubts About Democracy and Capitalism

In the early decades of the 1900s, Europeans and Americans increasingly considered alternatives to democratic government and capitalism, especially during the terrible economic depression in the 1930s. Many critics questioned the “liberal,” or minimal, style of government that democracy fostered and wondered if socialism might deliver better results.

These were dangerous daydreams. For market-based economies like those of America and Great Britain, a full turn toward socialism would require abolishing property rights and adopting a centrally planned economy, sharply cutting the scope of individual decision making. True, many supporters of socialism and other types of totalitarian rule have societal goals similar to those of democracy, but socialism’s pious objectives fail to justify its punitive means of achieving them.

Few countries integrated socialism into their governance to a greater extent than Germany did in the 50 years prior to the pivotal 1930s, when Adolf Hitler rose to power. German philosopher Karl Marx died in 1883, but his revolutionary belief in socialism and central economic planning lived on, attracting...